NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

Category: biomarker

A critical coenzyme for mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and sirtuin activity. Declining NAD+ levels are implicated in aging and neurodegeneration.

Mechanism Detail

NAD+ is required by sirtuins (SIRT1-7) for deacetylation reactions regulating gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and DNA repair. It's consumed by PARP enzymes during DNA repair and by CD38 in immune signaling. The NAD+/NADH ratio regulates Complex I of the electron transport chain. Decline with age impairs all these processes.

Clinical Status

NMN and NR supplementation shown to raise NAD+ levels in humans. Long-term clinical outcomes for neurodegeneration pending. NAD+ IV infusions used in some clinics. CD38 inhibitors being developed to preserve NAD+.

Relevant Diseases

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