Biological Pathways

Deep mechanistic explainers for key biological pathways in disease research.

• mTOR Signaling Pathway — The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth...
• NF-κB Inflammatory Signaling — Nuclear Factor kappa-B is a master transcription factor controlling inflammation...
• Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway — Autophagy is the cell's recycling system — degrading damaged organelles, protein...
• AMPK Energy Sensing Pathway — AMP-activated protein kinase is the cellular energy sensor that activates catabo...
• Nrf2 Antioxidant Response Pathway — Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 controls the expression of >200 cyto...
• Warburg Effect & Cancer Metabolism — Cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylatio...
• PI3K/Akt Growth Signaling — The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway is the most frequently activated signa...
• Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Cascade — Alpha-synuclein misfolding and aggregation into Lewy bodies is the pathological ...
• Amyloid Cascade & Tau Pathology — The amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that amyloid-β accumulation triggers tau...
• Cellular Senescence & SASP — Senescent cells accumulate with age, secreting inflammatory factors (SASP) that ...