Glutathione (GSH) for Parkinson's Disease
Also known as: GSH, L-Glutathione, Reduced glutathione
Glutathione depletion in the substantia nigra is one of the earliest biochemical changes in Parkinson's disease.
Mechanism of Action
GSH detoxifies dopamine quinones and other reactive metabolites that damage dopaminergic neurons. It maintains Complex I activity, protects against mitochondrial DNA damage, and modulates microglial activation. IV GSH may achieve therapeutic CNS levels.
General mechanism: Tripeptide antioxidant (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine). Master cellular redox regulator, detoxification conjugate, immune modulator.
Current Evidence
IV GSH showed symptomatic improvement in early PD studies (Sechi et al., 1996). Subsequent trials showed modest benefit. Intranasal and liposomal formulations being explored for better CNS delivery.
Clinical Status: IV GSH trials for PD. Intranasal and liposomal formulations under investigation.
Safety Profile
Very safe. Poor oral bioavailability (IV, liposomal, intranasal preferred). No significant side effects at therapeutic doses.
Key Research Questions
- Can intranasal GSH achieve sustained CNS neuroprotective levels?
- Does GSH restoration slow substantia nigra neuronal loss on DaTscan?